Understanding the Main Causes of Hypertension

2023-10-09

Hypertension, often referred to as high blood pressure, is a silent killer that affects millions of people worldwide. It is defined as having a sustained blood pressure of 140/90mmHg or above. The line between normal and raised blood pressure is not fixed and depends on individual circumstances (1). 

 

Despite its seemingly inconspicuous nature, hypertension, or high blood pressure can lead to severe health complications, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney problems. Some symptoms of this condition are;

  • Blurred vision.
  • Nosebleeds.
  • Shortness of breath.
  • Chest pain.
  • Dizziness.
  • Headaches (2).

 

5 Primary Causes of Hypertension 

 

Genetic Predisposition

Hypertension often runs in families, suggesting a genetic predisposition. Individuals with a family history of high blood pressure are at a higher risk of developing the condition themselves. This genetic link underscores the importance of proactive monitoring and lifestyle modifications for those with a family history of hypertension.

 

 Diet

The modern diet characterized by excessive consumption of salt, saturated fats, and processed foods, plays a pivotal role in the development of hypertension. A diet high in sodium can lead to fluid retention and increased blood pressure. On the other hand, diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help lower blood pressure.

 

Sedentary Lifestyle

Sedentary lifestyles have become increasingly common in our technology-driven society. Physical inactivity can contribute to obesity and, subsequently, hypertension. Regular exercise helps maintain a healthy weight and promotes optimal blood pressure levels.

 

Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Smoking

Consuming alcohol in excess can raise blood pressure. Excessive drinking can lead to hypertension. It is essential to know your limits and take alcohol in moderation, if at all. Furthermore, smoking is a significant risk factor for hypertension. The harmful chemicals in tobacco can damage blood vessels and narrow arteries, increasing blood pressure. Quitting smoking is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of hypertension and improve overall health.

 

Obesity

Excess body weight and hypertension often go hand in hand. Excess body weight places added stress on the heart and increases the volume of blood in circulation, both of which can lead to higher blood pressure. Losing even a small amount of weight can impact blood pressure levels.

 

Chronic Stress

The demands of modern life have led to an epidemic of chronic stress. Prolonged stress can trigger hormonal responses in the body that elevate blood pressure. Techniques such as meditation, yoga, and relaxation exercises can help manage stress and reduce its impact on hypertension.

 

Aging

As individuals age, their risk of developing hypertension increases. This is partly due to changes in blood vessel elasticity and the gradual buildup of plaque in arteries. Regular health check-ups are crucial for monitoring blood pressure as you age and for taking preventive measures.

 

Other Medical Conditions

Individuals with medical conditions like diabetes are at a higher risk of developing hypertension. Both conditions share common risk factors, such as obesity and insulin resistance. Managing blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and medication can help mitigate this risk. In addition, kidney disease is another condition that puts you at risk for hypertension. The kidneys play a vital role in regulating blood pressure. Chronic kidney disease can disrupt this balance, leading to hypertension. Regular kidney function tests are essential for early detection and management.

 

Sleep Apnea

Conditions like sleep apnea, characterized by interrupted breathing during sleep, have been linked to hypertension. Sleep apnea can disrupt the body's natural rhythms and contribute to elevated blood pressure. Treating sleep disorders can improve blood pressure control.

 

Hormonal Factors

Hormonal changes, such as those associated with pregnancy and menopause, can affect blood pressure. Around one in ten women develop high blood pressure during pregnancy. This increases the risk of long-term high blood pressure. Research funded by the BHF found that lowering the blood pressure of birth mothers within six weeks of giving birth reduced their long-term risk. Monitoring blood pressure and seeking medical advice when necessary is crucial.

 

Medications and Lifestyle Choices

Certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), decongestants, and some over-the-counter supplements, can elevate blood pressure. It's essential to consult with a healthcare provider and discuss the potential side effects of medications.

 

Race and Ethnicity

Hypertension tends to affect different racial and ethnic groups differently. For example, African Americans are at a higher risk of developing hypertension and experiencing severe complications. Understanding these disparities is crucial for targeted prevention and treatment efforts (3, 4).

 

Diagnosing Hypertension

While moderate or severe headaches, anxiety, shortness of breath, nose bleeding, palpitations, or feeling of pulsations in the neck are signs of high blood pressure, often, these are late signs that high blood pressure has existed for some time. Therefore, annual checks are recommended for all adults (5). 

 

Your healthcare provider will use a blood pressure test to see if you have abnormal blood pressure readings. The reading is made up of two numbers, the systolic number and the diastolic number. These numbers are measures of pressure in mm HG. 

 

Treatment of Hypertension

With increasing age, the risk of developing high blood pressure increases. Adults above 40 years are advised to check their blood pressure once yearly (6). This can be done at GP surgeries, some pharmacies, an NHS Health Check, some workplaces, or with a home blood pressure monitor. If you have been diagnosed with hypertension, your doctor may suggest taking blood pressure-lowering medications to manage your blood pressure (7).

Some widely used medications are:

  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
  • Calcium channel blockers.
  • Thiazide diuretics.
  • Alpha-blockers.
  • Beta-blockers (8).

 

Conclusion

Hypertension is a condition with a multitude of contributing factors. While some causes, such as genetics and aging, are beyond our control, others are modifiable through lifestyle changes and medical interventions. By adopting a healthier lifestyle, managing stress, and seeking regular medical check-ups, individuals can reduce their risk of developing hypertension and its associated complications. 

 

By: Tayyeba Idrees Butt M. D. 

 

 

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