Who Needs the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV)?

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are a critical tool in the fight against one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world. In this comprehensive exploration, we will delve into who needs HPV vaccines, the importance of these vaccines, and the reasons why they are a crucial component of public health. 

What is HPV?

Before we discuss who needs HPV vaccines, it's essential to have a clear understanding of what HPV is. Human Papillomavirus is a group of related viruses that can infect various parts of the body. It is primarily spread through sexual contact, making it one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide.

According to the report, the present estimates show that every year, 12075 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer, and 7968 die from the disease. Cervical cancer ranks as the 2nd most frequent cancer among women in Nigeria and the 2nd most frequent cancer among women between 15 and 44 years of age. 

There are over 200 types of HPV, and they can be categorized into two groups: low-risk and high-risk. Low-risk types can cause benign warts, while high-risk types are associated with more severe health issues, including various cancers. Cervical cancer, in particular, is strongly linked to high-risk HPV strains.

The Importance of HPV Vaccines

HPV vaccines play a crucial role in preventing HPV infection and the subsequent health complications. These vaccines are designed to target the most common high-risk HPV types. The importance of HPV vaccination can be summarized in the following key points:

Cancer Prevention

Perhaps the most significant reason for HPV vaccines is the prevention of HPV-related cancers. Cervical cancer is the most well-known, but HPV is also linked to cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx (throat). Vaccination can significantly reduce the risk of developing these cancers.

Prevention of Other Health Issues

Apart from cancer, HPV can cause genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). RRP is a rare but troublesome condition in which warts grow in the airways, affecting breathing. HPV vaccines help prevent these conditions as well.

Herd Immunity

When a significant portion of the population is vaccinated against HPV, it provides indirect protection to those who are not vaccinated. This is known as herd immunity and is especially important for individuals who cannot receive the vaccine for medical reasons.

Cost-Effective Public Health Measure

Preventing HPV-related health issues through vaccination is not only life-saving but also cost-effective. The economic burden of treating HPV-related diseases far exceeds the cost of vaccination.

Who Needs HPV Vaccines

Now that we understand the significance of HPV vaccines, let's explore who should receive them.

Adolescents and Young Adults

The primary target group for HPV vaccination is adolescents and young adults. The vaccines are most effective when administered before an individual becomes sexually active. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine vaccination for boys and girls starting at age 11 or 12. Vaccination can begin as early as age 9 and is typically completed by age 26.

Men and Women

HPV does not discriminate by gender. Both males and females need HPV vaccines. It's important to remember that HPV can lead to various cancers in men, such as penile and anal cancer, in addition to its role in spreading the virus to women, increasing their risk of cervical cancer.

Individuals Who Missed Vaccination in Adolescence

If you did not receive the HPV vaccine during adolescence, it's not too late. Vaccination is recommended for young adults up to the age of 26, and in some cases, up to age 45, according to the CDC.

People with Weakened Immune Systems

Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV or those who have had an organ transplant, are at a higher risk of HPV-related complications. Vaccination is important for these individuals.

Sexually Active Individuals

While it's best to receive the vaccine before becoming sexually active, individuals who have already started having sex can benefit from HPV vaccination. However, the vaccines may be less effective in those who have already been exposed to HPV.

Debunking Myths and Addressing Concerns

Despite the overwhelming evidence in favor of HPV vaccination, there are still myths and concerns that circulate. It's important to address these to provide a comprehensive understanding of who needs HPV vaccines.

Myth: HPV Vaccines Cause Infertility: This myth has been debunked by extensive research. HPV vaccines do not affect fertility.

Concern: Vaccine Safety: Like all vaccines, HPV vaccines undergo rigorous testing for safety and efficacy. The extensive research and monitoring by health authorities ensure their safety.

Myth: My Child Doesn't Need It: Even if your child is not sexually active yet, they should still receive the vaccine for their future protection. Vaccination at a young age is more effective.

Concern: Side Effects: Common side effects of HPV vaccines are similar to other vaccines and include pain at the injection site and mild fever. Severe adverse effects are exceedingly rare.

Myth: Natural Immunity is Sufficient: Relying on natural immunity through exposure to the virus is not a safe or reliable strategy. Vaccination provides strong and predictable protection.

How much does the HPV vaccine cost?

On 24 October 2023, The Federal Ministry of Health through the National Primary Health Care Developmental Agency with support from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, UNICEF, WHO, and other partners, provided Nigeria with a free HPV vaccine into its routine immunization system, aiming to reach 7.7 million girls – the largest number in a single round of HPV vaccination in the African region – in a vaccination drive against the virus that causes nearly all cases of cervical cancer. 

Girls aged 9–14 years will receive a single dose of the vaccine, which is highly effective in preventing infection with HPV types. However, individuals beyond the required age can walk into primary health care centers (PHC) and government hospitals to access affordable vaccination. 

Conclusion

In summary, HPV vaccines are a critical tool in preventing a wide range of health issues, including various cancers. They are recommended for adolescents and young adults, individuals who missed vaccination in adolescence, those with weakened immune systems, and sexually active individuals. It's essential to understand that HPV vaccines are gender-neutral and should be administered to both men and women. By following the recommendations of authoritative sources in public health and medicine, we can work together to reduce the prevalence of HPV and its associated diseases. Debunking myths and addressing concerns ensures that everyone can make informed decisions about their health, ultimately contributing to a safer and healthier society.